Advanced Grammar

Present Perfect Continuous tense is formed with "have/has + been + verb-ing". It shows an action that started in the past and continues to the present.

This is a complex sentence because it has one independent clause ("we went to the park") and one dependent clause ("Although it was raining").

Present Continuous passive voice is formed with "am/is/are + being + past participle". The active "is teaching" becomes "are being taught".

Simple Past vs Present Perfect:

Simple Past:
• Used for completed actions at a specific time in the past
• Example: "I visited London last year."
• Time is mentioned or understood

Present Perfect:
• Used for actions completed at an unspecified time
• Example: "I have visited London."
• Connection to the present moment
• Often used with "already", "just", "ever", "never"

Subordinating conjunctions connect dependent clauses to independent clauses.

Examples:
1. Although - "Although it was late, we continued working."
2. Because - "I stayed home because I was sick."
3. When - "Call me when you arrive."
4. If - "If it rains, we will stay inside."
5. Since - "Since you are here, let's start the meeting."

They make the clause dependent and cannot stand alone.

Rules for Comparative and Superlative:

1. One syllable adjectives:
• Add -er/-est: tall → taller → tallest

2. Two syllables ending in -y:
• Change y to i + er/est: happy → happier → happiest

3. Two or more syllables:
• Use more/most: beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful

4. Irregular forms:
• good → better → best
• bad → worse → worst
• far → farther → farthest

The Twelve Tenses in English:

PRESENT TENSES:
1. Simple Present: Subject + base verb
   Example: "I work every day."

2. Present Continuous: Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing
   Example: "I am working now."

3. Present Perfect: Subject + have/has + past participle
   Example: "I have worked here for 5 years."

4. Present Perfect Continuous: Subject + have/has been + verb-ing
   Example: "I have been working since morning."

PAST TENSES:
5. Simple Past: Subject + past form
   Example: "I worked yesterday."

6. Past Continuous: Subject + was/were + verb-ing
   Example: "I was working when you called."

7. Past Perfect: Subject + had + past participle
   Example: "I had worked before you arrived."

8. Past Perfect Continuous: Subject + had been + verb-ing
   Example: "I had been working for 2 hours."

FUTURE TENSES:
9. Simple Future: Subject + will + base verb
   Example: "I will work tomorrow."

10. Future Continuous: Subject + will be + verb-ing
    Example: "I will be working at 9 PM."

11. Future Perfect: Subject + will have + past participle
    Example: "I will have worked 8 hours by evening."

12. Future Perfect Continuous: Subject + will have been + verb-ing
    Example: "I will have been working for 10 years next month."

Types of Sentences:

BASED ON STRUCTURE:

1. Simple Sentence:
• One independent clause
• Example: "The cat sleeps."
• Subject + Predicate

2. Compound Sentence:
• Two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions
• Example: "I like tea, but she prefers coffee."
• Uses: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet

3. Complex Sentence:
• One independent + one or more dependent clauses
• Example: "When it rains, we stay inside."
• Uses subordinating conjunctions

4. Compound-Complex Sentence:
• Two or more independent + one or more dependent clauses
• Example: "When it rains, we stay inside, but we still feel bored."

BASED ON FUNCTION:

1. Declarative (Statement):
• Makes a statement
• Example: "The sky is blue."
• Ends with period (.)

2. Interrogative (Question):
• Asks a question
• Example: "What time is it?"
• Ends with question mark (?)

3. Imperative (Command):
• Gives command/request
• Example: "Please close the door."
• Subject "you" is implied

4. Exclamatory (Exclamation):
• Shows strong emotion
• Example: "What a beautiful day!"
• Ends with exclamation mark (!)